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Higher Oil Prices Impact Rate Cute Expectations Thumbnail

Higher Oil Prices Impact Rate Cute Expectations

Oil prices rose in the first quarter as geopolitical tensions escalated. In January, crude oil surged 14% amid supply concerns following the U.S. arrest of Venezuela’s former president, Nicolás Maduro, and mounting tensions in the Middle East. Prices rose again in February as geopolitical tensions continued to build, followed by a sharp escalation in March. The U.S.-Iran conflict and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz - a chokepoint for roughly 20% of global oil flows – coincided with a 51% spike in oil prices in the month of March. Overall, oil prices rose 77% in the first quarter.  Figure 1 shows oil trading at its highest level since mid-2022:

Chart: Oil Prices Trade at the Highest Level Since Mid-2022

The rise in oil prices complicates matters for the Federal Reserve in setting monetary policy. The Fed’s core mission, known as its “dual mandate”, is to promote maximum employment and stable prices.  While unemployment remained low at 4.3% in March, there were signs of a softening labor market, including monthly swings in U.S. Nonfarm Payrolls (month-over-month).   At the start of 2026, expectations were for the Federal Reserve to cut rates two to three times by year end.  However, inflation remained above the Fed's 2% target across multiple measures leading up the to the Fed’s March 2026 meeting. Oil prices and the uncertainty of the war in Iran have further stoked inflationary fears and even the possibility of a rate hike.  As a result, the Fed left short term interest rates unchanged after their policy meeting in March.  

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